Phytochemical Analysis and Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum Leaf Extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from Patients with Otitis Media

Bryphyllum pinnatum is used in traditional medicine in various parts of the world as a remedy against numerous conditions like hypertension, skin disorders, cancer, diabetes, hepatitis, abscesses and ear infections. This study was carried out to evaluate the antibacterial potentials of the plant leaves against some bacteria isolated from patients with otitis media. Dried leaves of the plant were collected and subjected to cold maceration and Soxhlet extraction processes using water and ethanol to obtain aqueous and ethanolic extracts respectively. The extracts obtained were subjected to phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity against two clinical isolates; Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with Otitis Media. The result of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins, and Glycosides in both extracts whereas ethanolic extract has in addition Steroids and Tannins. The result of antibacterial activity showed that aqueous extract has activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa only at 500mg/ml concentration(zone of inhibition15.5mm) and against Staphylococcus aureus at 500, 250 and 125mg/ml with zone of inhibition 18, 14 and 11mm respectively. Similarly, ethanolic extract showed activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 500, 250 and 125mg/ml with inhibition zone 17, 12, and 11mm respectively. It shows significant activity on Staphylococcus aureus at concentrations 500, 250, 125 and 62.5mg/ml with inhibition zones 19, 15, 13, 12mm respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) recorded for aqueous extract is 500 mg/ml and 250mg/ml against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus respectively while for ethanolic extract, are 250 and 125mg/ml respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the aqueous extract against Staphylococcus aureus is 250mg/ml and ethanolic extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are 250 and 125mg/ml respectively. The result suggests that Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf could have potential application in the management of otitis media.