A Review of Urogenital Tuberculosis in Nigeria: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestation, Diagnosis, Treatment Strategies, Risk Factors, and Prevention Control Measures

Urogenital tuberculosis (UGTB) is a significant public health concern in Nigeria, where tuberculosis (TB) is endemic. Despite its importance, UGTB remains a neglected and underdiagnosed condition, leading to delayed diagnosis, inadequate treatment, and poor health outcomes. This review aims to provide an overview of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment strategies, risk factors, prevention and control measures of UGTB in Nigeria. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Nigerian Journals Online by a combination of search terms related to UGTB. Studies published in English between 2000 and 2024 were included. The selected articles were vitally appraised using standardized forms to assess study quality. The qualitative data from each study was analyzed to identify underlying themes related to UGTB. Eight sources met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. The review revealed that UGTB is a common extrapulmonary manifestation of TB in Nigeria, with a prevalence of 27% of all extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases. It further highlighted the epidemiological characteristics of UGTB in Nigeria, including the clinical features observed in affected patients. The importance of raising awareness, enhancing diagnostic capabilities, and improving treatment strategies to address the burden of UGTB in Nigeria was underscored. The review concluded that effectively managing the burden of UGTB in Nigeria necessitates a comprehensive approach involving healthcare providers, policymakers, and researchers. Additionally, the review recommended integrating UGTB diagnosis and treatment into existing TB control programs to ensure the disease is effectively managed and controlled.