Research Article

Autochthonous Microbial Bioaugmented Remediation of Crude Oil Contaminated Soil in the Niger Delta

1 Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Nigeria.
2 Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
3 uyi, I. S. Department of Microbiology, Delta State University, Abraka.
* Corresponding author: ubomon@yahoo.co.uk
Published: Dec, 2019
Pages: 4780-4795

Abstract

The effectiveness of bioaugmentation using a consortium of indigenous hydrocarbon utilizing microorganisms in conjunction with NPK fertilization for localized remediation of crude-oil polluted rainforest soil was investigated by subjecting soil to these treatments: soil (S); soil + oil (SO); soil + oil + fertilizer (SOF); soil + oil + fertilizer + microorganisms (hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi) (SOFM); soil + oil + fertilizer + microorganisms (hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi) + solarisation (SOFMS). Soil was monitored and evaluated for 120 days for culturable heterotrophic and hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi populations, and residual total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH). Results indicated that while culturable heterotrophic populations rose continuously throughout the study, hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial and fungal populations increased up to day-90 before diminishing in contaminated soils. Bacterial populations were consistently higher than fungal for all applied treatments (P ˂ 0.05). Residual TPH decreased in all contaminated soils with time. Treatment SOFM had the highest TPH reduction in soil with 66.81 % loss at degradation rate of 39.25 mg/kg/day; SO had the lowest loss of 24.82 % at the rate of 14.58 mg/kg/day within 120 days. Soil inoculation with constituted autochthonous microbial consortium in conjunction with NPK fertilization was effective for localized remediation of crude oil contaminated soil.

References

  1. Abbasian, F., Lockington, R., Megharaj, M., Naidu, R. (2016). The biodiversity changes in the microbial population of soils contaminated with crude oil. Current Microbiology 72: 663 - 670.
  2. Adams, G.O., Fufeyin, P.T., Okoro, S.E., Ehinomen, I. (2015). Bioremediation, Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation: A Review. International Journal of Environmental Bioremediation and Biodegradation 3 (1): 28 - 39.
  3. Al-Saleh, H.D. and Obuekwe, C. (2009). Predominant culturable crude oil-degrading bacteria in the coast of Kuwait. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 63 (4): 400 - 406.
  4. Aliyu, M. B. and Oyeyiola, G.P. (2011). Rhizosphere bacterial flora of groundnut (Arachis hypogeae). Advances in Environmental Biology 5(10): 3196 - 3202.
  5. Alvarez, V.M., Marques, J.M., Korenblum, E. and Seldin, L. (2011). Comparative Bioremediation of Crude Oil-Amended Tropical Soil Microcosms by Natural Attenuation, Bioaugmentation, or Biostimulation. Applied and Environmental Soil Science Volume 2011, Article ID 156320, 10 pages. doi:10.1155/2011/156320.
  6. Ataikiru, T. L., Okerentugba, P. O. and Iheanacho, C. C. (2018). Bioremediation of Bonny light crude oil polluted soil by bioaugmentation using yeast isolates (Candida adriatica ZIM 2468 and Candida taoyuanica MYA-4700). International Journal of Public and Environmental Health 5(4): 52 - 61.
  7. Atlas, R. M. (1984). Petroleum Microbiology. Macmillan, New York P.697.
  8. Barea, J.M, Pozo, M.J, Azcon, R. and Azcon-Aguilar, C. (2005). Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere. Journal of Experimental Botany 56: 1761 - 1778.
  9. Behera, B.C., Mishra, R. R. and Thatoi, H N (2012). Diversity of soil fungi from mangroves of Mahanadi delta, Orissa, India. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Research 2 (3): 375 - 378.
  10. Benyahia, F. and Embaby, A. S. (2016). Bioremediation of Crude Oil Contaminated Desert Soil: Effect of Biostimulation, Bioaugmentation and Bioavailability in Biopile Treatment Systems. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 219; doi:10.3390/ijerph13020219.
  11. Biktasheva, L., Galitskaya, P., Selivanovskaya, S. (2017). Bioaugmentation for oily waste bioremediation: harm or benefit? Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium/ 2 - 6 october 2017. S. Margherita di Pula, Cagliari, Italy / © 2017 by CISA Publisher, Ital.
  12. Boopathy, R. (2000). Factors limiting bioremediation technology. Bioresour Technol. 74: 63 - 67.
  13. Bordenave, M. S., Goni-Urriza, P. C. and Duran, R. (2007). Effects of heavy fuel oil on the bacterial community structure of a pristine microbial mat. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73(9): 6089 - 6097.
  14. Brown, C. M., Campbell, I and Priest, F.G. (1988). Introduction to Biotechnology. Billing and Sons, Ltd., Uk P.169.
  15. Buraimoh, O. M., Ogunyemi, A. K, Ibrahim, N. H., Adebusoye, A. S., Ilori, M. O. and Amund, O. O. (2017). Efficacy of Intervention Strategies for Bioremediation of Crude Oil in
  16. Polluted Soil Microcosm. Ife Journal of Science 19(2): 303 - 313.
  17. Cerniglia, C. E. (1993). Biomedediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 4: 331 - 338.
  18. Chang, L. K., Ibrahim, D. and Omar, I.C. (2011). A laboratory scale bioremediation of Tapis crude oil contaminated soil by bioaugmentation of Acinetobacter baumannii T3OC. African Journal of Microbiology Research 5(18): 2609 - 2615.
  19. Chaudhry, S., Luhach, J., Sharma, V. and Sharma, C. (2014). Assessment of diesel degrading potential of fungal isolates from sludge contaminated soil of petroleum refinery, Haryana. Research Journal of Microbiology 2014: 7 (3): 182 - 190.
  20. Chen, Q, Li, J., Liu, M., Sun, H. and Bao, M. (2017). Study on the biodegradation of crude oil by free and immobilized bacterial consortium in marine environment. PLOS ONE https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174455.
  21. Cheesebrough, M. (2006). District laboratory practice in tropical countries Part 2. Cambridge University Press, UK.
  22. Chikere, C. B., Okpokwasili, G. C. and Chikere, B. O. (2011). Bacteria diversity in a tropical crude oil polluted soil undergoing bioremediation. African Journal of Biotechnology 8(11): 2535 - 2540.
  23. Chorom, M., Sharifi, H.S., Motamedi, H. (2010). Bioremediation of a crude oil-polluted soil by application of fertilizers. Iranian Journal of Environmental Health, Science and Engineering 7(4): 319 - 326.
  24. Chuma, C. O. (2010). Enhanced bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated mangrove soil in the Nigerian oil rich Niger Delta using seawater microbial inocula.
  25. Cieniglia, C. E. (1993). Biomediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 4: 331 - 338.
  26. Coulon, F., Mckew, B.A., Osborn, A. M., McGenity, T. J., Timmis, K. N. (2006). Effects of temperature and biostimulation on oil-degrading microbial communities in temperate estuarine waters. Environmental Microbiology 9: 177 - 186.
  27. Cunningham, C. J., Ivshina, I. B., Lozinsky, V. I, Kuyukina, M. S. and Philp, J. C. (2004). Bioremediation of soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbon by microorganisms immobilized in polyvinyl alcohol. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 54 (2-3): 167–174.
  28. Das, N. and Chandran, P. (2011). Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants: An overview. Biotechnology Research International Volume 2011, Article ID 941810, 13 pages. Doi:10.4061/2011/941810.
  29. de Lorenzo, V. (2009). Recombinant bacteria for environmental release: what went wrong and what we have learnt from it. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 15 (Suppl. 1): 63 - 65.
  30. Do, S. H., Jo, J. H., Jo, Y. H., Lee, H. K and Kong, S. H (2009). Application of a peroxymonosulfate/Cobalt (PMS/Co(II) system to treat diesel-contaminated soil. Chemosphere 77: 1127 - 1131.
  31. Dua, M., Sethunathan, N. and Johri, A. K. (2002). Biotechnology and bioremediation: successes and limitations. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 59: 143 - 152.
  32. Dutta, S. and Singh, P. (2016). Hydrocarbon degradation potential of indigenous fungal isolates from Indian oil refinery, Haldia, (W.B) India. Science Research Reporter 6(1): 4 - 11.
  33. Ellis, D., Davis, S., Alexiou, H., Handke, R. and Bartley, R. (2007). Descriptions of Medical Fungi. Mycology Unit Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide 5006, South Australia.
  34. Elmore, C. L., Stapleton, J. J., Bell, C. E. and Devay, J. E. (1997). Soil solarization, a nonpesticidal method for controlling diseases, nematodes, and weeds. University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication.
  35. England, L. S., Lee, H., Trevors, J. T. (1993). Bacterial survival in soil: effect of clay water content and soil protozoa. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 25: 525 - 31.
  36. Ezatti, S., Najafi, A., Rab, M. A. and Zenner, E. K. (2012). Recovery of soil bulk density, porosity and rutting from ground skidding over a 20-year period after timber harvesting in Iran. Silva Fennica 64 (4): 531 - 538.
  37. Ezezika, O. C., Singer, P. A. (2010). Genetically engineered oil-eating microbes: prospects and regulatory challenges. Technol Soc 32:331 - 335.
  38. Federal Ministry of Environment (FME). (2006). Niger Delta Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration Project. Conservation Foundation Lagos, WWF UK and CIESSP-IUCN Commission on Economic, Environmental, and Social Policy.
  39. Ford, C. Z., Sayler, G. S., Burlage, R. S. (1999). Containment of a genetically engineered microorganism during a field bioremediation application. Applied and Microbiology and Biotechnology 51(3): 397 - 400.
  40. Forsyth, J.V., Tsao, Y.M., Blem, R.D. (1995). Bioaugmentation: when is augmentation needed? In: Hinchee, R.E. et al. (eds) Bioaugmentation for Site Remediation. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH, pp1-14.
  41. Garrity, G., Brenner, D. J., Krieg, N. R. and Staley, J. R. (2005). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: The Proteobacteria, Part B: The Gammaproteobacteria. 2nd edn., Volume 2. Springer, New York, USA.
  42. Ghazali, F.M., Rahman, R. N. Z.A., Salleh, A. B., Basri, M (2004) Biodegradation of hydrocarbons in soil by microbial consortium. Int. Biodeter. Biodegrad. 54:61–7.
  43. Gkorezis, P., Daghio, M., Franzetti, A., Van Hamme, J. D., Sillen, W. and Vangronsveld, J. (2016). The Interaction between Plants and Bacteria in the Remediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons: An Environmental Perspective. Frontiers of Microbiology 7:1836. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01836.
  44. Goswami, M., Chakraborty, P., Mukherjee, K., Mitra, G., Bhattacharyya, P., Dey, S., Tribedi, P. (2018). Bioaugmentation and biostimulation: a potential strategy for environmental remediation. J of Microbial and Exp. 6(5):223 - 231.
  45. Goux, X., Shapir, N., El Fantroussi, S., Lelong, S., Pussemier, L. (2003). Long term maintenance of rapid atrazine degradation in soils inoculated with atrazine degraders. Water Air Soil Pollut Focus 3:131 - 42.
  46. Head, I. M., Swanell, R. J. P. (1999). Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants in marine habitat. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 10: 234 - 239.
  47. Hamamura, N., Oslon, S. H., Ward, D. M., Inskeep, W. P. (2006). Microbial population dynamics associated with crude oil biodegradation in diverse soils. Applied Microbiology 72:6316 – 6324.
  48. Heidelberg, J. F., Paulsen, I. T., Nelson, K. E., Gaidos, E. J., Nelson, W. C., Read, T. D and Eisen, J. A. (2002). Genome sequence of the dissimilatory metal ion-reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis. Nature Biotechnology 1:1 - 6.
  49. Hendershot, W. H., Lalande, H. and Duquette, M. (2006). Soil reaction and exchangeable acidity. In Soon Y. K., and Hendershot, W. H., (eds.), Soil chemical analysis. Taylor and Francis Groups, LLC, New York P.3 - 8.
  50. Humber, R. A. (2005). Entomopathogenic Fungal Identification. USDA-ARS Plant Protection Research Unit Plant, Soil & Nutrition Laboratory. Tower Road Ithaca, NY 14853-2901, USA.
  51. Ibiene, A. A., Orji, F. A., Ezidi, C. O., Ngwobi, C. L. (2011). Bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soil in the Niger Delta using spent mushroom compost and other organic wastes. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment 7(3):1-7.
  52. Ikuesan, F. A. (2017). Microbial response to varying oil concentrations of crude oil pollution of agricultural soils in Ondo State, Nigeria. Microbiol Res J Int. 22(4):1 - 8.
  53. Jensen, V. (1975). Bacterial flora of soil after application of oily waste. Oikos 26: 152-158.
  54. Kadafa, A. A. (2012). Environmental impacts of oil exploration and exploitation in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Earth and Earth Sciences 12(3): 1-11.
  55. Kastner, M. and Mahro, B. (1996). Microbial degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. In affected by the organic matrix of compost. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 44: 668 - 675.
  56. Khan, F. I., Husain, T. and Hejazi, R. (2004). An overview and analysis of site remediation technologies. Journal of Environmental Management 71: 95 - 122.
  57. King, J. M. H., Digrazia, P. M., Applegate, B., Larima, F. and Sayer, G. S. (1990). Rapid, sensitive bioluminescent reporter technology for naphthalene exposure and biodegradation. Science 240: 778 - 781.
  58. Kolwzan, B., Adamiak, W., Grabas, K. and Kiejler, A. (2006). Introduction to Environmental Microbiology. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej, Wrocław. P.112.
  59. Kuiper, I, Lagendijk, E. L., Bloemberg, G. V. and Lugtenberg, J. J. (2004). Rhizoremediation: A beneficial plant-microbe interaction. Molecular Plant-microbe Interactions 17 (1): 6 - 15.
  60. Liu, Z.C., Cui, Y. S., Zhang, Y.P. and Zou, S.Z. (2009). Effect of plants and microorganisms on remediation of petroleum contaminated soil. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment 25: 80 - 83.
  61. Maczulak, A. (2011). Encyclopedia of Bioremediation. Facts On File, Inc. Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001. P. 881.
  62. Malina, G., Zawierucha, I. (2011). Potential of bioaugmentation and biostimulation for enhancing intrinsic biodegradation in oil hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. Bioremediation Journal 11:141 - 147.
  63. Mohammed, D., Ramsubhag, A., Beckles, D. M. (2007). An assessment of the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soils using nonindigenous commercial microbes. Water Air Soil Pollut 182: 349-356.
  64. Mohan, S.V., Kisa, T., Ohkuma, T., Kanaly, R. A., Shimizu, Y. (2006). Bioremediation technologies for treatment of PAH-contaminated soil and strategies to enhance process efficiency. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 5:347 - 374.
  65. Mrozik, A., Piotrowska-Segeth, Z. (2009). Bioaugmentation as a strategy for cleaning up soils contaminated with aromatic compounds. Microbiology Research 165(5):363 - 275.
  66. Naranjo, L., Urbina, H., De Sisto, A. and Leon, V. (2007). Isolation of autochthonous non-white rot fungi with potential for enzymatic degrading of Venezuelan extra-heavy crude oil. Biocatalysts and Biotransformation 25(2):341-349.
  67. Niti, C., Sunita, S., Kamlesh, K. and Rakesh, K. (2013). Bioremediation: An emerging technology for remediation of pesticides. Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 17(4): 88-105.
  68. Obayori, O.S., Ilori, M.O., Adebusoye, S.A., Amund, O.O. and Oyetibo, G.O. (2008). Microbial population changes in tropical agricultural soil experimentally contaminated with crude petroleum. African Journal of Biotechnology. 7(24):4512-4520.
  69. Obire, O. and Anyanwu, E. C. (2009). Impact of various concentrations of crude oil on fungal populations of soil. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 6(2): 211-218.
  70. Odokuma L.O. and Dickson A.A. (2003). Bioremediation of a crude oil polluted tropical mangrove environment. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 7(2): 23-29.
  71. Ollivier, B. and Magot, M. (2005). Petroleum Microbiology. American Society for Microbiology. Washington D.C. USA P.364.
  72. Oyeyiola, G.P. (2010). Rhizosphere effect of Amaranthus hybridus. Research Journal of Microbiology 5:137-143.
  73. Oyeyiola, G.P., Ankeremo, C., Musa, S.O. Adebisi, T. O. and Agbabiaka, T. O. (2013). Rhizosphere bacterial flora of Okro (Hibiscus Esculentus). Science International (Lahore). 25(2):273-276.
  74. Pinholt, Y., Struwe, S. and Kjoller, A. (1979). Microbial change during decomposition in soil. Holartic Ecology 2:195-200.
  75. Prakash, D., Verma, S., Bhatia, R. and Tiwary, B. N. (2011). Risks and Precautions of Genetically Modified Organisms. International Scholarly Research Network Ecology 2011, Article ID 369573, 13 pages. Doi:10.5402/2011/369573.
  76. Perfumo, A., Banat, I. M., Marchant, R. and Vezzulli, L. (2007). Thermally enhanced approaches for bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils. Chemosphere 66 (1): 179-184.
  77. Rahman, K. M., Kourkoutas, T.J, Petsas, I., Marchant, R., Banat, I.M. (2003). Enhanced bioremediation of n-alkane in petroleum sludge using bacterial consortium amended with rhamnolipid and micronutrients. Bioresour. Technol. 90: 159-168.
  78. Roy, A. S, Yenn, R., Singh, A. K., Boruah, H. P. D., Saikia, N. and Deka, M. (2012). Bioremediation of crude oil contaminated tea plantation soil using two Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains AS 01 and NA 08. African Journal of Biotechnology 12(19): 2600-2610.
  79. Schaechter, M. (2004). The Desk Encyclopedia of Microbiology. Elsevier Academic Press 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA P.1169.
  80. Shukla, K. P., Singh, N. K. and Sharma, S. (2010). Bioremediation: Developments, current practices and perspectives. Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Journal 3: 1-20.
  81. Skjestmad, J. O. and Baldock, J. A. (2006). Total and organic carbon. In Soon, Y. K., and Hendershot, W. H., (eds.), Soil chemical analysis. Taylor and Francis Groups, New York pp. 3-8.
  82. Sorensen, S. J., Schyberg, T., Ronn, R. (1999). Predation by protozoa on Escherichia coli K12 in soil and transfer of resistance plasmid RP4 to indigenous bacteria in soil. Appl Soil Ecol 1999:11:79-90.
  83. Suja, F., Rahim, F., Taha, M. R., Hambali, N., Razali, M. R, Khalid, A., Hamzah, A. (2014). Effects of laboratory and field bioaugmentation on the bioremediation of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in crude oil contaminated field soil based on laboratory and field observations. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 90(2014):115-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.201 4.03.006.
  84. Tang, J. C., Wang, R. G., Niu, X. W., Wang, M., Chu, H. R., and Zhou, Q. X. (2010). Characterization of petroleum-contaminated soil: effect of different influencing factors. Bioscience J 3: 3961-3969.
  85. Totora, G. J., Funke, B. R. and Case, C. L. (2002). Microbiology, an introduction 8th update. Daryl Fox, USA.
  86. Tyagi, M., da Fronseca, M. M, de Carvalho, C.C. (2010). Bioaugmentation and biostimulation strategies to improve the effectiveness of bioremediation processes. Biodegradation 22(2): 231-241.
  87. Ubogu, M., Odokuma, L. O. and Akponah, E. (2018). Growth enhancement of Phragmites australis, Eichhornia crassipes and Saccharum officinarum for rhizoremediation of crude oil contaminated soils. Journal of Applied Environment 7(1): 60-84.
  88. Ubogu, M., Odokuma, L.O and Akponah, E. (2019). Enhanced rhizoremediation of crude oil contaminated mangrove swamp soil using two aquatic macrophytes (Phragmites australis and Eichornia crassipes). Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. DOI
  89. Ueno, A., Ito, Y., Yumoto, I., Okuyama, H. (2007). Isolation and characterization of bacteria from soil contaminated with diesel oil and the possible use of these in autochthonous bioaugmentation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 23:1739 - 1745.
  90. United State Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) (2007). Method 8015C: Nonhalogenated organics using GC/FID. Washington, US.
  91. van Reeuwijk, L. P. (2002). Procedures for soil analysis: Technical paper 9. International Soil Reference and Information Centre, Netherlands.
  92. Venosa, A. D., King, D. W. and Sorial, G. A. (2002). The baffled flask test for dispersant effectiveness: a round Robin evaluation of reproducibility and repeatability. Spill Science and Technology Bulletin 7(5-6):299 - 308.
  93. Vos, P. D., Garrity, G. M., Jones, D., Krieg, N. R, Ludwig, W., Rainey, F. A., Schleifer, K. H., and Whitman, W. B. (2009). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: The Firmicutes. 2nd edn, Volume 3. Sringer, New York, USA.
  94. Whiteman, W., Goodfellow, M., Busse, H-J., Trujillo, M., Ludwig, W., Suzuki, K. I, Parte, A. (2012). The Actinobacteria. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Volume 5. Sringer, New York, USA.
  95. Wu, M., Li, W., Dick, W. A. and Ye, X. (2017). Bioremediation of hydrocarbon degradation in a petroleum contaminated soil and microbial population and activity determination. Chemosphere 169:124-130.DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.059
  96. Zand, A. D., Khodaei, H. R., Nabibidhend, G. R., Mehrdadi, N. (2011). Rhizoremediation of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) under the effect of plant species in Iran. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology. Rhodes, Greece, 8-10 September 2011.
  97. Zawierucha, I. and Malina, G. (2011). Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils: Effects of Bioaugmentation and Biostimulation on Enhancing Biodegradation of Oil Hydrocarbons.
  98. A. Singh et al (eds.), Bioaugmentation, Biostimulation and Biocontrol. Soil Biology 28: 187-201.
  99. A. Ghazali, F.M., Rahman, R. N. Z.A., Salleh, A. B., Basri, M (2005). Biodegradation of hydrocarbons in soil by microbial consortium. Int. Biodeter. Biodegrad. 54:61-7.
  100. Ziolkowska, A., Wyszkowski, M. (2010). Toxicity of petroleum substances to microorganisms and plants. Ecological Chemistry and Engineering 17(1):73-82.
How to Cite

M., U., Odokuma, L. O., & E, A. (2019). Autochthonous Microbial Bioaugmented Remediation of Crude Oil Contaminated Soil in the Niger Delta. Nigerian Journal of Microbiology, 33(2), 4780-4795.

U. M., L. O. Odokuma, and A. E, "Autochthonous Microbial Bioaugmented Remediation of Crude Oil Contaminated Soil in the Niger Delta," Nigerian Journal of Microbiology, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 4780-4795, December 2019.

Share this article:
Facebook X / Twitter LinkedIn