Research Article

Incidence of Multiple Antibiotic-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Drinking Water Sources in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria

Olowe, B. M.1*, Oluyege, J. O2, Famurewa, O.3, Akinsuroju, M. O4, Ohunayo, S. A1
1 Department of Science laboratory Technology, Ekiti State University, P.M.B.5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
2 Department of Microbiology, Ekiti State University, P.M.B.5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
3 Department of Biological Sciences, Kings University, P.M.B. 555, Odeomu, Nigeria
4 Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ikeji Arakeji, Osun State, Nigeria
* Corresponding author: busatopol@gmail.com
Published: Jun, 2018
DOI: 10.67614/njm.2018.wjbc8j9o
Pages: 4315-4325

Abstract

This study investigated the incidence of multiple antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria isolated from drinking water sources in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Fifty samples of drinking water from wells, boreholes, streams, sachet and bottled water were randomly collected from Ado-Ekiti metropolis, Nigeria for microbiological analyses. Isolation, identification, antibiotic sensitivity testing of Gram-negative bacteria were carried out using standard methods. The mean total viable and coliform counts of water samples were considerably high. A total of eighty-two (82) Gram-negative bacteria comprising Klebsiella spp, Pseuddmonas spp, Proteus spp, Shigella Spp, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, Alcaligens spp and Citobacter spp were isolated. The percentage resistance of the isolates to the antibiotics ranged from 0.6%, in ofloxacin and gentamicin, to 31.5%, in amoxicillin with multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) to 3 to 6 classes of antibiotics. Fifteen MAR Gram-negative bacteria examined for the presence of plasmid revealed that all except Klebsiella sp, haboured a conjugative plasmid of >lKb. The investigation on the incidence of water-borne diseases in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria revealed that 26.2% respondents claimed to have experienced water-borne diseases in the last three years which is statistically significant (p-value = 0.00). Therefore, adequate drinking water sanitation and disinfection program must be put in place to ensure safety against water borne antibiotic-resistant pathogens in Ekiti state and by extension Nigeria.

Keywords

Drinking water sources Gram-negative bacteria Multiple antibiotic-resistance Plasmid Water-borne diseases

References

  1. Abdelateey, L.M., Khalil, W.K.B., Ali, T.H. and Mahrous K.F. (2011). Heavy metal resistance and gene expression, analysis of metal resistance genes in Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria present in Egyptian sites. Journal of Applied Science in Environmental Sanitation, 6(2):201-211.
  2. Aderibigbe, S.A., Awoyemi, A.O. and Osagbemi, G.K. (2008). Availability, adequacy and quality of water supply in Ilorin metropolis, Nigeria. European Journal of Scientific Research, 23(4):528-536.
  3. Adewoye, S.O. (2010). Effects of detergent effluent discharges on the aspect of water quality of Asa river, Ilorin, Nigeria. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 1(4):731-736.
  4. Agunlus, A. O. and Osagbeni, A.O. (2005). Sources and utilization of water in two selected communities in Ilorin East Local Government Area of Kwara State. African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology.(7):1-5.
  5. Al-Dalaimi, G. A. and Younes, M. K. (2017). Assessment of Potable Water Quality in Baghdad City, Iraq. Air, Soil and Water Research, 10:1–5.
  6. Allen, H. K., Donato, J., Wang, H. H., Cloud-Hansen, K. A., Davies, J. and Handelsman, J. (2010). Call of the wild: antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments. Nature Reviews Microbiology, pp. 1-9.
  7. Ashbolt, N. J. (2015). Microbial Contamination of Drinking Water and Human Health from Community Water Systems. Current Environmental Health Reports, 2(1):95–106.
  8. Atif, A.P., Bushra, B.P. and Vikram, M. (2010). High prevalence of multiple-drug resistant Escherichia coli in drinking water samples from Hyderabad. Gomal Journal of Medical sciences, 8(1):23-26.
  9. Bahuniyi, O.A. (1991). Oral redehydration of children with diarrhea in Nigeria 9-12 years review of impact on morbidity from diarrhea treatment practices. Journal of Tropical Pediatric, 37:57-58.
  10. Bannerman, P.T., Owen, D.W., Dodds, R.B. and Hoenerwer, N.J. (1993). Sources of pollutants in Wisconsin storm water. Water Science and Technology, 28:241-259.
  11. Begun, J. K., Ahmed, K, and Berak, K.N. (2003). Serogroups and drug sensitivity of Escherichia coli isolated from drinking water sources, India. Journal of Microbiology, 43(1): 71-72.
  12. Bhowanick, B. K., Sahu, M. I, and Khan, M. R. (2006). Microbial study of some milk with special reference to coliform bacteria. International Journal of Dairy Science, 1:57-62.
  13. Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (2015). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; twenty-fourth informational supplement. CLSI document M100- S24. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
  14. Cowan, S. T and Steel, K. J. (1991). Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria (Bannerman et al., 1993; Adewoye, 2010; Wolf-Rainer, 2011).Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.
  15. Dzinbau, E.J., Liang, J.L., Craun, G.F., Hill V. and Ya P.A.(2006). Surveillance for Waterborne Disease and Outbreaks Associated with Recreational Water, United States, 2003–2004. MMWR Surveillance Summary.55(12):1–30.
  16. Figueras, M. J and Borrego, J. J. (2010). New perspectives in monitoring drinking water microbial quality. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 7:4179–4202.
  17. Geldreich, E.E. (1996). Sanitary significance of Fecal Coliforms in the Environment Publication No. WP-20-3. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Cincinnati, Ohio, p.122.
  18. Habs, S. and Dabu, H. (2009). Plasmid Incidence, Antibiotic and Metal Resistance among Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Algerian Streams. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 12:1474-1482.
  19. Howard, G., Ince, M., and Smith, M. (2003). Rapid Assessment of Drinking Water Quality: A Handbook for Implementation – Joint Monitoring for Water Supply and Sanitation. WEDC, Loughborough University.
  20. Imran, M. (2012). Valleyites in Kashmir drink contaminated water study. GreaterKashmir.com, GK communications PVT Ltd.
  21. Karbasizaed,V., Badami, N. and Emitiazi, G. (2003). Antimicrobial, heavy metal resistance and plasmid profile of coliforms isolated from nosocomial infections in a hospital in Isfahan, Iran. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2:379-383.
  22. Khan, R.M.K. and Maliki, A. (2001). Antibacterial resistance and detection of β-lactamase in bacteria strains of Staphylococcus and E.coli isolated from food stuffs. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 17:863-868.
  23. McArthur, J.V., Tuckfield, R.C., Lindell, A.H. and Austin, C.B. (2011). When rivers become reservoirs of antibiotic-resistance: Industrial effluents and gene nurseries. Proceedings of the 2011 Georgia Water Resources Conference. University of Georgia.
  24. Mckeon, D. M., Calabrae, J.P. and Bissonnette, G.J. (1995). Antibiotic resistance of Gram-negative bacteria in rural groundwater supplies. Water Resources, 29:1902-1908.
  25. Nwachukwu, E. (2001). Health Implication of Drinking Contaminated Water. 1st Edn., Biz connections. Umuahia, Nigeria.
  26. Nwidu, L.L., Oveh, B., Okonye, T. and Vakosen, N.A. (2008). Assessment of the water quality and prevalence of water borne diseases in Amassoma, Niger Delta, Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(17):2993-2997.
  27. Obiri-Danso, K., Okore-Hanson, A. and Jones, K. (2003). The microbiological quality of drinking water sold on the streets in Kumasi, Ghana. Letter in Applied Biology, 37:334-339.
  28. Olaoye, O.A. and Onilude, A.A. (2009): Assessment of utilization of water in two selected communities in Ilorin East Local Government Area of Kwara State. African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, 123:729-734.
  29. Oluyege, J.O., Koko, A.E., Aregbesola O.A. (2011). Bacteriological and physic-chemical quality assessment of house hold drinking water in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Water Science and Technology, Water Supply 11.1
  30. Olowe, B.M., Oluyege, J.O. and Famurewa, O. (2015). Determination of multiple antibiotic resistance index of Escherichia coli isolated from the drinking water sources in Ado-Ekiti and environs, Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Studies, 2(10):56-62.
  31. Omolulo-Aso, J.O., Adejuwon, A.O., Omolulo-Aso, O.O., Akinbo, O.M and Kalawole, D.O. (2010). Antibiotic susceptibility of a strain of Salmonella isolated from an infant presented with diarrhea in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 2(6):167-170.
  32. Onilude, A.K. and Ilori, R.M (2008). Microbiological analysis of surface water vended in Ondo State, Nigeria. Environmental Resource Journal, 2(3):107-110.
  33. Otzee, G. E. (2006). Management approaches for Nigeria's water resources 2, J. Micr. Geol., 42(1):15–20.
  34. Oyedeji, O., Olatola, P.O and Mceniuola, M.A. (2010). Microbiological quality of packaged drinking water brands marketed in Ibadan metropolis and Ile-Ife city in South Western Nigeria. African Microbiology Resources, 4:96-102.
  35. Oyetayo, V.O., Adharaiyi, F.C, and Ogbamah, M. (2007). Antibiotic sensitivity of E. coli isolated from water obtained from wells in Akure metropolis. Bioscience Journal of Microbiology, 2:190-193.
  36. Raji, M. I. O. and Ibrahim, Y. K. E. (2011). Prevalence of waterborne infection in northwest Nigeria: A retrospective study. Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, 3(8):382-385.
  37. Ronald, J. A. Brena, M. and Melissa, M. (2002). Antibiotic resistance of Gram-negative bacteria in rivers, United State. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 8(7):2.
  38. Santo, J.W. and Ashbolt, N.J. (2008). Fecal Pollution of water. In Encyclopedia of water, Eds. Cutler, J. C., Washington, D.C. Environmental National Council for Science and Environment.
  39. Standing Committee of Analysis (2002). The microbiology of drinking water: Part 2- Practices and procedures for sampling. Methods for the Examination of Waters and Associated Materials, in this series, Environmental agency.
  40. Standing Committee of Analysis (2006). The microbiology of drinking water: Part 9- Methods for the isolation and enumeration of Salmonella and Shigella by selective enrichment membrane filtration and multiple tube- most probable number techniques. Methods for the Examination of Waters and Associated Materials, in this series, Environmental agency.
  41. Tagoe, D.N.A., Nyarko, H., Ardur, S.A. and Birikorang, E. (2011). A study of antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolates in sachet drinking water sold in the Cape Coast metropolis of Ghana. Research Journal of Microbiology, 6:153-158.
  42. Wolf-Rainer, A. (2011). Mega bacteria as sources for pathogenic bacteria in rivers and their fate downstream. Proceedings of the 2011 Georgia Water Resources Conference, 2011:1-3
  43. World Health Organisation (2002). Heterotrophic plate count measurement in drinking water safety management. WHO public health expert report. Geneva Switzerland.
  44. World Health Organisation (2003). Heterotrophic plate counts and drinking water safety (Edited by Bartram J., Cotruvo, J., Exner, M., Fricker, C., Glasmacher, A.) IWA publishing, London, United Kingdom. http://www.who.int/csr/don/en/
How to Cite

M., O. B., O, O. J., O., F., O, A. M., & A, O. S. (2018). Incidence of Multiple Antibiotic-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Drinking Water Sources in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Microbiology, 32(1), 4315-4325. https://doi.org/10.67614/njm.2018.wjbc8j9o

O. B. M., O. J. O, F. O., A. M. O, and O. S. A, "Incidence of Multiple Antibiotic-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Drinking Water Sources in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria," Nigerian Journal of Microbiology, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 4315-4325, June 2018. doi: 10.67614/njm.2018.wjbc8j9o

Share this article:
Facebook X / Twitter LinkedIn
Download PDF View Full Text (PDF) Back to Articles