Published Articles

Abstract: The study was carried out to investigate the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) for bacteria isolated from petrochemical industrial effluent. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis is a molecular technique for separating double stranded PCR products of similar length, but differing sequence composition. Diversity of the isolated and identified microorganisms from the study showed a prevalence of Gram negative bacteria as compared to Gram positive bacteria with Pseudomonas sp. having the highest frequency of isolation (10.33%). The PCR products from GCV6V8F and V6V8R primers on 20%: 80% denaturing gradient had a better DGGE differentiation pattern compared to 30%: 50% DGGE fingerprints of PCR amplified region of GCV6-V8F and V6-V8R of 16S rDNA from effluent bacterial communities
Keywords: Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, Polymerase chain reaction, Guanine cytosineV6-V8, Gram negative, 16SrDNA

Abstract: The problems imposed by the emergence of antimicrobial resistance and its spread in both humans and livestock, due to excessive use of antibiotics in livestock presents serious risks to public health. The susceptibility profile of isolates from IFSERAR livestock farms was investigated. A total of forty (40) rectal, cloacae and ear swab samples of goat, poultry and handlers, were collected from livestock farms using sterile swab sticks. Specimens were sent to the laboratory for isolation, identification, characterization of the associated bacteria and antibiotic susceptibility testing were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. A total of 34 distinct species of bacteria were isolated, which included Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus spp, Shigella spp, Salmonella spp, and Enterococcus spp. were identified. All isolates from different livestock farms and their handlers exhibited 100% resistance to ceftazidime antibiotics. Isolates from farm handlers, Kalahar, and KalaWAD goats exhibited 85.7%, 71.4%, and 57.1% resistance to cefoxitin respectively. The least resistance (35.7%) to cefoxitin was exhibited by isolates from poultry farms.Isolates from farm handlers and the KalaWAD goat farm exhibited 71.4% resistance to vancomycin, while isolates from poultry and kalahari goat farm exhibited 57.1% and 42.5% resistance respectively. High resistance of 71.4% was exhibited by isolates from poultry farms only, while all other isolates to gentamycin exhibited 14.3% resistance. Ciprofloxacin resistance to isolates from Kalahari, KalaWAD, poultry and farm handlers was 14.3%, 28.6%, 42.9% and 28.6% respectively. The findings of this research suggest, that the bacteria isolates exhibit a variety of resistance to antibiotics used, which is a pointer to a pool of resistance genes within the livestock farm isolates.
Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance, bacteria pathogens, livestock, farm handlers

Abstract: Wastewater from abattoirs have been documented to have harmful impact on the surrounding soil environments. This study therefore, assessed soil samples for possible abattoir wastewater contamination of physicochemical parameters and microbial composition from a mini abattoir in South Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from the soil 2 m away from abattoir site and 50 m upstream and 50 m downstream. The pH, soil moisture, organic matter, organic carbon, total organic nitrogen, phosphorus and cation exchange capacity were analysed using standard methods. The microbial load of the samples were determined using standard microbiological methods. Abattoir contaminated soils were acidic between 4.8 – 6.4 while the non – abattoir contaminated soil was neutral 7.01. There was significant difference in moisture content, phosphorus, organic carbon, organic matter, total organic nitrogen and cation exchange capacity in abattoir contaminated soil and non – abattoir contaminated soil. In the contaminated soil samples, mean bacterial counts was 15.4 x 10⁴ cfu/ml compared to the 43.01x10³ cfu/ml of the uncontaminated soil sample. The mean fungal counts was 39.42 x 10² sfu/ml and 15.2 x 10² sfu/ml respectively. Bacteria such as Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Citrobacter koseri, Providencia rettgeri, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Lactobacillus plantarum, Actinobacter baumanni and Serratia mascescens, while fungi such as Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans, Penicillium italicum, and Rhizopus stolonifer were isolated from adjoining soils of sampled abattoir. High microbial population and physicochemical parameters of contaminated soil, in this study, further confirmed the need to treat wastewater rather than discharging it directly into the environment.
Keywords: Abattoir contaminated soil, wastewater, bacteria, fungi

Abstract: The prevalence of non-dermatophytic moulds from air and soil samples from six cattle markets in Abia and Imo state, Nigeria were carried out simultaneously. A total of 60 (sixty) samples of air and soil were analysed. The settlement plate technique, tube dilution method and hair baiting technique were evaluated for the air and soil for the presence of keratinophilic fungi. Different species of 13 non dermatophytic moulds were identified and all occurred at different points of collection from the markets.The most frequently isolated species from air samples were Aspergillus welwitschiae, Absidia corymbifera (20%) respectively in Abia state and Fusarium linchenicola, Absidia corymbifera (20.6%) respectively in Imo state. For soil samples; Absidia corymbifera (29%) and Aspergillus flavus (21%) were frequently isolated in Abia and Imo staterespectively,while for hair bait; Aspergillus flavus, Absidia corymbifera(26%)respectively in Abia state and Aspergillus welwitschiae(20%) in Imo state. The least isolate from air samples were Aspergillus sydowii (3.3%) and Cladosporium tenuissinum (3.0%), for soil samples; Aspergillus sydowii (3.0%) and Aspergillus sydowii (3.0%), while for hair bait; Penicillum citrinum, Aspergillus aculeatus (6.0%)respectively and Penicillum citrinum, Cladosporium tenuissinum (2.2%)each in Abia and Imo state respectively. According to the study, there was a significant keratinous fungal deposition in the soil of the cattle market area as a result of mechanical activity nearby. Spores from agitated fungi may have caused a significant suspension of these spores in the atmosphere, which might constitute a serious health risk to anybody who operate in such environments.
Keywords: Air, cattle market, Nigeria, non-dermatophytic moulds and soil

Abstract: Nanoparticles has shown to be effective in drug delivery, though, its synthesis are time and energy consuming while, the process is toxic to the environment, hence, the utilization of green synthesis method with plants extracts. The study focused on the green synthesis of nanoparticles and its application on isolates of diseased fish. Four different isolates namely; Bacillus infantis, Klebsiella pneumonae, Escherichia coli, and Vibrio paraheamoliticus were from diseased cat fish (Clarias gariepinus). The silver nanoparticle synthesis was from Psidium guajava L (Guava leaves) and Azadirachta indica (Neem plant leaf) extracts. Phytochemical analysis was carried out on the plants leaf extracts to determine its contents using standard methods. The isolates were obtained through culture method and molecular identification. However, the synthesis of plants extract nanoparticles was characterized using LANMAN spectrophometer, while, antimicrobial activities was carried out using agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were also determined. The influence of the microbial activities of the plants extracts silver nanoparticles synthesized shows the level of impact on the isolated pathogenic organisms. The efficacy was dose dependent, 500 um/mg from guava leaf extract had the highest effect on E. coli while, the least impact was observed on dosage of 62.5 um/mg of E. coli. Neem leaves extract has the highest effect on V. parahaemolyticus at 500 um/mg while, the least was on E. coli at 250 um/mg. The MBC of neem leaf nanoparticle extracts were more potent as it has more clearance level than the guava ‘Therefore, the study revealed that the plant leaf extracts silver nanoparticles synthesized could be used in the treatment of diseases caused by the test organisms
Keywords: Silver nanoparticle, Clarias gariepinus, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Minimum bactericidal concentration.

Abstract: The Niger Delta area, renowned for its biodiversity, has suffered severe environmental degradation due to crude oil spills resulting from oil exploration and exploitation activities. To address this, researchers have explored biosurfactant-producing bacteria as eco-friendly solutions for remediating polluted sites. Indigenous strains, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis, have been identified for their hydrocarbon-degrading and biosurfactant-producing capabilities. Molecular techniques, including 16S rRNA gene sequencing, aided in their identification. Biosurfactants, surface-active compounds produced by microorganisms, enhance hydrophobic pollutant biodegradation by reducing interfacial tension. These biosurfactants also exhibit diverse substrate specificities, enabling them to degrade various hydrocarbons, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Despite their environmental benefits, concerns have expressed regarding antibiotic sensitivity due to rising global antibiotic resistance. Studies in the Niger Delta have revealed varying antibiotic sensitivity profiles among these bacteria, including resistance to common antibiotics like ampicillin and ciprofloxacin. Mechanisms contributing to this resistance include efflux pumps, enzymatic degradation, genetic mutations, and mobile genetic elements such as plasmids. This resistance raises environmental concerns, as these strains, if released during bioremediation, could transfer resistance genes to other bacteria, including pathogens. To mitigate this, integrated approaches combining genetic studies, metagenomics, and environmental modeling are crucial. Responsible antibiotic use in clinical and agricultural practices is pivotal. This review critically examines the molecular characteristics, antibiotic sensitivity patterns, and substrate specificity of biosurfactant-producing bacterial isolates from crude oil spill sites in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, emphasizing the need for sustainable environmental management strategies.
Keywords: Characteristics, Antibiotic Sensitivity, and Substrate Specificity of Biosurfactant-Producing, Bacteria

Abstract: The present study was designed to enumerate and identify microorganisms and to determine physicochemical properties of industrial effluents. Samples were collected from four different industries in Oriade local government (Ilesha, Ikeji-Arakeji and Ipetu Ijesha). The Industrial effluent samples were subjected to microbiological and physicochemical analyses. Bacteria isolated from industrial effluent sample were Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella oxytoca, Lactococcus lactis, Micrococcus luteus, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Shigella flexneri, Streptococcus viridians and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bacteria load before treatment was (2.25× 10⁵cfu/ml) and reduced after application with EMF. Palm oil mill effluent had higher mean values for pH (8.87), colour (14.33 Pt/co), temperature (27.33^oC), conductivity (63 (μS/cm) otatl hardness (262 mg/l), sodium (14mg/l) and total soluble solids (322 mg/l) before treatment with Electromagnetic field reduced afterwards. The mean iron value decreased from (3.67± 0.02 mg/l) to (1.86± 0.02 mg/l) after application of Electromagnetic field.The presence of these microorganisms and chemical substances pose a potential threat to the health of populace inhabiting these places and also the industrial effluent can affect the aquatic microbiota and macrofauna and soil inhabiting microorganisms.
Keywords: Physicochemical conditions, electromagnetic field, bacteria and brewery effluent

Abstract: Crude oil pollution is sine qua non in oil exploration and exploitation activities. Biosurfactant increases bioavailability and help to enhance contact between the pollutants and the microorganisms and therefore facilitates uptake and degradation as well as amelioration (remediation) of hydrocarbon polluted environment. Biosurfactant is preferred to chemical surfactant in crude oil remediation. The study focus on screening and identification of biosurfactant-producing bacteria from crude oil contaminated Soil and water in the Niger Delta area, Nigeria. Water and soil/sediments from three communities, namely, Eleme, Omoku and Ogbia in the Niger Delta Area Nigeria was screened for biosurfactant-producing bacteria. Haemolytic activity, emulsification capacity and oil spread were used as index in the screening of biosurfactant-producing bacteria. Crude oil utilizing bacteria isolated from the water and soil/sediments in the three oil producing communities were identified by vapour phase method. Identification was done by 16s rRNA sequence from the isolates that produced highly similar sequences from the NCBI non redundant nucleotide (nr/nt) database. The sequenced isolates were, Alcaligenes faecalis, Bacillus altitudinsis, Bacillus siamensis, Bacillus velezensis, Cytobacillus horneckiae, Enterobacter roggenkampii, Morganella morganii, Providencia stuartii, Priestia flexa, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Six isolates representing 60% of the total isolates have potentials for biosurfactant production. Providencia stuartii, Alcaligenes faecalis, Bacillus altitudinis, Bacillus siamensis and Bacillus velezensis are novel isolates for biosurfactant production in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The Bacillus species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed higher activities in crude oil degradation and biosurfactant production. Pseudomonas aeruginosa produce glycolipid type of biosurfactant used in bioremediation of oil sludge contaminated soils. The Niger Delta remains a potential reservoir for biosurfactant-producing bacteria with relevant biomarker genes that may prove significant in environmentally friendly clean up in the Niger Delta Area.
Keywords: Biosurfactant production, bacteria, water, soil/sediments

Abstract: Staphylococcus sciuri strain XB1, a diesel degrading bacterium, was isolated from Igando dumpsite by continuous enrichment technique on diesel mineral salt medium (MSM). The isolate was identified using cultural, morphological, biochemical characteristics and complemented with analytical profile index. The isolate is yellowish, Gram-positive cocci, catalase positive, oxidase and coagulase negative. The isolate fermented glucose, fructose, maltose, trehalose and xylose. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern revealed that XB1 was susceptible to ofloxacin, perfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, but resistant to streptomycin, gentamycin, augmentin, amoxacillin. The XB1 also tolerated 3% salinity and exhibit specificity for another hydrocarbon substrate aside diesel. The degradation kinetics showed that XB1 had a biphasic growth with generation times of 11.925 d-1 and 17.825 d-1 between day 0-12 and 12-30 respectively. Gas chromatographic analysis revealed 55% of diesel was degraded at day 15 and 85% at day 30 respectively with near disappearance of the major hydrocarbon peaks. The percentage hydrocarbon fractions degraded at day 15 and day 30 respectively were 75.79% and 100% for nonane, 34.8% and 77.99% for tetracosane, and 59.96% and 81.86% for hexacosane. Therefore, based on the isolate competent on diesel the findings posited that XB1 is a candidate for further study and optimization for clean-up of polluted sites.
Keywords: Biodegradation, diesel, gas chromatography, continous-enrichment, Staphylococcus scuiri

Abstract: In Nigeria, fungi have been causing high mortality and production loses in the poultry industry. This study aims at quantifying the fungal organisms in feed, litter and birds droppings, and their occurrence and distribution in selected poultry farms in Anambra State, Nigeria. The samples were collected from 10 poultry farms in six local government areas in Anambra State, Nigeria. One gram (1 g) of each sample was serially diluted ten-fold and 0.1 ml of 10^-4 dilution spread inoculated on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) plates supplemented with 0.05 mg/ml chloramphenicol. After incubation for 3-6 days at 25^oC, fungal load was determined and the isolates characterized using macroscopic, microscopic and genetic features. The range of fungal load of the samples in the farm with floor system was 8.50 × 10³ to 2.40 × 10⁵ sfu/g, while that of cage system was 6.0 × 10³ to 2.10 × 10⁵ sfu/g. The fungi recovered during the rainy season included Aspergillus (40.0%), Leichthemia (10.0%), Paecillomyces (11.49%), Penicillum (10.61%), Acremonium (3.89%), Fusarium (1.61%), Chrysonilia (0.60%) and yeast (21.08%). Those of the dry season were Aspergillus (19.16%), yeast (30.75%), Curvularia (12.28%), Penicillum (9.48%), Fusarium (3.75%), Cunninghamella (3.33%), Trichoderma (4.96%), Nathrasia (4.34%), Syncephalis (4.16%), Aureobasidium (4.59%), Scopulariopsis (2.98%). No seasonal effect on fungal loads of the samples from various farms, but significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in the occurrence and distribution of the isolates. Fungal quantification of the samples and species identification are essential in the evaluation of potential health risk of workers in the poultry farms.
Keywords: Poultry farms, birds, fungal isolates, dry season, rainy season.

Abstract: Oyster mushrooms can synthesize great number of minerals, and secondary metabolites that possess antioxidant activities which play important role in maintaining human health. This study investigated the proximate, mineral and antioxidant properties of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on medicinal leaves such as Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica), Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera), Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), Scent leaves (Ocimum gratissimum) and oil palm fibre as control. Spawns of P. ostreatus were cultivated on medicinal leaves (substrates), Proximate and mineral content were determine using standard chemical and spectrophotometric method. Results showed that the proximate composition (%) of P. ostreatus cultivated on A. indica, M. oleifera and C. citratus had highest values of 15.20±0.09^d, 17.35±0.42^e and 4.47±0.06^c for moisture, protein, and lipid contents respectively while highest 45.90±0.53^a, 22.30±0.43^b and 15.97±0.11^c were recorded for carbohydrate, crude fibre and total ash contents respectively in P. ostreatus cultivated on oil palm. Mineral composition (mg/100g) revealed that P. ostreatus cultivated on M. oleifera had highest 11.12, 17.87, 8.22 and 7.34 for Sodium, Calcium, Iron and Zinc respectively. Total phenolic, vitamin C content, Ferric Reducing ability, hydroxyl radicals scavenging ability, Iron chelating ability, Nitric oxide (%) activities, free radical scavenging activity and ABTS scavenging ability had highest values of 33.348mg, 91.252 mg/100g, 2.808 mg/ml, 82.014% 42.616%, 72.180%, 67.256% and 0.024 mg/ml respectively in aqueous extracts while flavonoids contents had highest 0.804mg in ethanoic extracts of P. ostreatus cultivated on M. oleifera leaves. It can be concluded that substrates used in this study improved the nutraceutical properties of P. ostreatus.
Keywords: Pleurotus ostreatus, medicinal plant leaves, proximate, mineral content and antioxidant

Abstract: Personal effects (PEs) including phones, laptops and bags globally are a necessary part of our everyday lives. These PEs are often carried or worn by individuals for numerous purposes, globally. However, the increasing risk of microbial contamination and the presence of antibiotic-resistant strains on these devices are of public health significance. Using standard microbiological procedures, this study examined the microbial occurrence and contamination of undergraduate students’ mobile phones, laptops and bags and their resistant profile to conventional antibiotics. This cross-sectional study, carried out between April and May 2023, was performed on 65 swab samples collected from surfaces of mobile phones (n =25), laptops (n =20) and handbags (n = 20) of students attending the Microbiology Laboratory. Of the bacteria isolated, 39.2% were Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis (21.4%), Escherichia coli (7.1%), Bacillus subtilis (14.2%), Klebsiella pnuemoniae (7.1%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.0%). Fungal isolates included; Fusarium sp. (25.0%), Aspergillus terreus (25.0%), Aspergillus flavus (20.0%), and Aspergillus niger (30.0). Fifty four percent (54.0%) of the isolates produced complete hemolysis on blood agar, 7.1% showed partial hemolysis and 39.2% had no hemolysis at all. Antibiogram revealed an increased resistance of Gram positive bacteria to amoxicillin (38.1%) and levofloxacin (33.4%). Higher resistance was observed in gram negative bacteria to cephalothin (85.8%), ampicloxacilin (85.8%), augmentin (71.5%) and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (71.5%). Findings demonstrated that personal effects of undergraduate students attending the Microbiology Laboratory at the university were microbially tainted with putative pathogens. This emphasizes the need for regular hand hygiene and disinfection of these items to minimize the spread of antibiotic-resistant superbugs.
Keywords: Personal effects; undergraduates, microbial contamination, putative pathogens, antibiotic resistance

Abstract: Waste human hair (WHH) is a part of municipal solid waste generated from salons that may lead to clogging of drainage pipes ensued with flooding. Pleurotus ostreatus (mushroom) is capable of utilizing several organic substrate types due to its enzyme secretions. This study determined the potential of WHH in cultivating edible mushrooms P. ostreatus (Oyster mushroom).The WHH from males was collected from two (2) barbing salons in Benin, Edo State, Nigeria. Microbial analyses of WHH were based on standard methods, while pulverised WHH samples (pasteurised and unpasteurised) were mixed with sawdust in varying concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20% WHH) and used to monitor the growth of P. ostreatus for 100 days. Growth of P. ostreatus in sawdust and rice bran was used as control. The total bacterial and fungal counts obtained from WHH samples were 4.50 ± 1.00 x10² cfu/g and 6.10 ± 0.05 x10 sfu/g respectively. Among identified bacteria and fungi were Bacillus sp, Citrobacter sp. Penicillium sp. and Alternaria sp. Mycelium complete run observed in the pasteurised samples gave rise to mushrooms with the exception of the 20 % WHH sample. However, the control had the largest total yield (355 g) and biological efficiency (51%) this was followed by the 10% WHH group at 313 g (45%) and the 5% WHH group at 259g (37%). The least values were observed in the 15% WHH group at 87 g (12%) while mushroom growth was not detected in 20 % WHH group. The potential for recycling WHH provides an avenue for the promotion of the circular economy in Nigeria.
Keywords: Waste human hair; Pleurotus ostreatus, bacteria, fungi, mycelium

Abstract: This study was conducted to investigate the microbial, elemental levels and radionuclei concentration of three e-waste dumpsites with a view to establish the contamination status of these sites. E-waste soil samples were collected from Oluku and Osasogie in Benin, Edo state Nigeria while the third E-waste soil sample was obtained from Alaba, Lagos state Nigeria.The microbial analysis was done based on standard procedure. The mean bacterial counts on nutrient agar (NA) ranges between 9.00±2.646 cfu/g and 5.33±1.202 cfu/g, the former was for Oluku while the latter was for Osasogie. The highest fungal count was recorded in the control site (10.67±1.764 sfu/g). The isolated bacterial and fungal species included, Bacillus sp., Clostridium sp., Pseudomonas sp., Yersinia sp., Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella sp., Providencia sp, Aspergillus sp., Geotrichum sp., Rhizopus sp., and Penicillium sp. respectively, these microorganisms have been reported to possess the ability to biodegrade heavy metals. The physicochemical properties across the e-waste sites showed the available pH of the soil samples range from 6.83 - 8.45. Alaba soil sample recorded the highest amount of all the heavy metals analyzed, cadmium (Cd) was the only heavy metal that was not detected (ND) and it was not detected only in the control soil sample. The activity concentrations of natural radionuclides (⁴⁰K, ²²⁶Ra, ³²³Th). The highest mean values obtained for ²²⁶Ra and ³²³Th was in Alaba with (79.630±4.557 Bq/kg, 30.177±1.83 Bq/kg) respectively. The control was below detection limit (BDL) for both Ra and Th. The world average values of 412 Bq/kg, 35 Bq/kg and 30 Bq/kg for ⁴⁰K,²²⁶Ra, and ³²³Th, respectively. However, ²²⁶Ra was higher than the accepted limit while ²³²Th was at the recommended limit for Alaba e-waste site. Therefore, ewaste poses a radiological risk to the people living/working at Alaba e-waste site, but does not pose any immediate threat at the other two e-waste sites studied.
Keywords: E-waste, heavy metal, microorganisms, dump sites, radionuclides

Abstract: The study assessed the drug susceptibility, ecological and human health risks associated with toxic metal concentrations of five dumpsite soils in Osogbo metropolis, Southwest Nigeria. Fungal distribution and susceptibility, heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn) levels of Egbedi, Gbonmi, Ilesa garage, Omobolanle, and Oke-Baale dumpsite soils were determined following standard protocol. Pollution, ecological, and human health risk indices were also estimated. A total of 17 fungal isolates were obtained, with Aspergillus and Penicillium genera being prevalent. All the isolates (17) were susceptible to voriconazole while 10 and 16 were resistant to amphotericin B and fluconazole, respectively. The level of toxic metals in the soils was in the descending order: Cu > Fe > Pb > Cd > Zn except in Egbedi whose Zn (64.05±0.03 mg/kg) was higher than Cd (48.45 ± 0.02 mg/kg). In this investigation, Omobolanle and Egbedi dumpsite soils showed high-level pollution. Cadmium was the major contaminant and contributes majorly to the high ecological risk in the areas. For both children and adults, the level of metals in the soils do not suggest a significant cancer threat. Similarly, Cd through inhalation signals extremely high non carcinogenic risk. There is a need for effective monitoring of pollution in the dumpsites to safeguard environmental and human health.
Keywords: Dumpsite soils, fungi, heavy metals, pollution, risk assessment

Abstract: Animals used in food production have been identified as one of the major primary sources of antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria within the Enterobacteriaceae family. The Escherichia coli harboring metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) is a serious threat to global health. This study was aimed at the occurrences of metallo-beta-lactamase in multidrug resistance Escherichia coli isolated from donkey slaughter market. A total of 75 swab samples were collected from equipment used in donkey slaughters and E. coli was identified using Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMBA), MacConkey Agar (MCA) media and other microbiological standard techniques. The E. coli isolates were tested for multidrug resistance (MDR) using disk diffusion method and MARI was calculated. The presence of metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) in multidrug resistance E. coliwas confirmed using modified Hodge test method. Thirty (40.0%) swab samples were positive for E. coli, knife had 8(32.0%), table had 12(48.0%) and slab harbored 10(40.0%). The isolates were resistance to tetracycline (40.0%-80.0%), gentamicin (25.0%-30.0%), erythromycin (40.0%-50.0%), ampicillin (70.0%-75.0%) and ciprofloxacin (20.0%-37.5%). Three major antibiotics resistance pattern were revealed from the 14 (46.7%) isolate that were MDR-E. coli which includes; TE-CN-E-AMP-CIP, TE-E-AMP-CIP and TE-CN-E-AMP. This study revealed the occurrences of MBLs in MDR- E. coli to be 5(35.7%). The presence of MBLs in MDR E. coli isolated from donkey creates strong threat to the treatment of such infection in clinical setting and it calls for an urgent veterinary surveillance program to monitor antibiotics used as growth enhancers in animal production.
Keywords: Metallo-beta-lactamase, MDR E. coli, donkey slaughter equipment, public health

Abstract: The use of bacteria in fermentations to produce functional foods has greatly increased in recent years due to the numerous associated benefits. Moreover, the increased demand for the production of virgin coconut oil (VCO) at household and industrial level as well as the need to overcome the problem of contamination associated with spontaneous fermentation justifies this research. Matured Coconut fruits were selected from which coconut milk used for the research was manually extracted using blender. Bacteria were isolated from spontaneously fermented coconut milk and steeped maize using standard technique. The isolates were characterized and identified using laboratory and molecular techniques. The isolates were further used as starter culture to carry out induced fermentation of coconut milk at laboratory conditions for 24, 48 and 72 hours for the production of VCO. During fermentation, the oil yield was determined using standard method. The molecular characterization confirmed the isolates were Bacillus cereus strain ST06 (MH475925.1) and Bacillus valezensis strain Bv1-4 (OQ787546.1). The two bacterial isolates were able to produce VCO from the coconut milk, although oil yield decreases as the duration of fermentation increases. In conclusion, the two (isolates) were found to possess the potential for producing VCO from coconut milk.
Keywords: Bacillus valezensis, Bacillus cereus, Virgin coconut oil, Coconut milk, Induced fermentation

Abstract: Probiotics are live microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. They are naturally present in fermented foods, may be added to other food products and are available as dietary supplement. This study was aimed to determine probiotics potentials of bacteria associated with fermented unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) juice. The physico-chemical analysis of the fermented unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) juice was determined by homogenizing 10g of the samples in 20ml of distilled water and using a referenced glass electrode pH meter. Total titratable acidity was also determined by titrating 0.1N sodium hydroxide against 10 ml of supernatant of homogenized sample, using phenolphthalein indicator. The result showed that the pH was 5.72, total suspended solid was 620mg/l and total titrable acidity was 0.35ml. Total bacteria counts from fermented unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) juice indicated that the most appropriate fermentation time that yield highest probiotic organisms was at the 21^th hour (8.4 × 10³ cfu/ml), followed by 24^th hour (7.2 × 10³ cfu/ml) while the least (1.5 × 10³ cfu/ml) was recorded at 48^th hour. A total of four probiotic bacterial species were isolated and identified using molecular techniques, which includes; Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, Weissella confusa, Gluconobacter frateurii and Weissella cibaria. Gluconobacter frateurii was the only Gram negative organism isolated from the juice while the other three organisms were all Gram positives. Evaluation of probiotic properties of the isolates showed that the four isolates had maximum growth at temperature of 30oC. Leuconostoc pseudomesenteriodes, Weissella cibaria and Weissella confusa showed tolerance to 6.5% NaCl. The current study demonstrated that ulcer eradication was significantly higher when lower dose (2 ml/kg) of the fermented unripe plantain juice was administered with percentage severity of 69.17% while it was non-significant when a higher dose of (4 ml/kg) was administered with percentage severity of 115.71%. It is evident from the present study that consumption of fermented unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) juice exerts health benefits to the consumers.
Keywords: Probiotics, Fermentation, Gastrointestinal, Techniques, Molecular

Abstract: The study aimed to isolate and characterize probiotic lactic acid bacteria from fermented foods using conventional and molecular methods. The isolation was done using De Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) agar using standard procedure and standard biochemical tests for the identification of lactic acid bacteria. The isolates were confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequence analysis and comparison with Genbank resources were conducted to identify species levels. The isolates were evaluated for their probiotic potential using low pH tolerance, bile tolerance, and hemolytic tests, some antibiotic susceptibility pattern and antibacterial activity against enteric pathogens. The isolates identified were rod/bacilli and cocci, all Gram positive, but catalase, citrate, hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), indole, urease, Voges-Proskauer negative, and no NH₃ production from arginine. The isolates were positive for methyl red and bile esculin salt. The sugar fermentation profile of eight different sugars and Molecular analysis identifies the isolates, which were found to be Lactobacillus plantarum in Kunun-Zaki, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Lactobacillus plantarum in Nono, Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgarus in Yoghurt. Phylogenic tree revealed the isolates were related to the reference strain in the Genbank. The study showed that all the isolates were able to survive at low pH levels, tolerate bile concentrations, adhere to cover slips, were non-hemolytic and were susceptible to majority of the antibiotic tested; also the isolates had antagonistic activity against Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhi, indicating their potential as probiotics.
Keywords: Fermented foods, Lactobacillus species, probiotic, Streptococcus thermophilus

Abstract: The African oil bean seed (Pentaclethra macrophylla) is widely used as a traditional food condiment and is valued for its high protein content. This study focused on assessing the microbiological quality and molecular characterization of microorganisms associated with African oil bean seeds stored under conventional methods. Samples were obtained from three different markets in the Ilorin metropolis of Nigeria: Mandate, Ojo Oba, and Ganmo. Isolates were identified using 16S RNA GENE sequencing and the BLAST algorithm. Microbial counts ranged from 3.7 ± 1.4 x 10⁶ to 6.3 ± 0.5 x 10⁶ cfu/g African oil bean seeds from the Mandate market had the highest bacterial load of 6.3 ± 0.5 x 10⁶ cfu/g followed by those from Ganmo with a bacterial load of 5.3 ± 0.5 x 10⁶ cfu/g, while samples from the Oja Oba market had counts of 4.5 ± 2.2 x 10⁴ cfu/g. The bacteria isolates were identified as Staphylococcus aureus CIP 9973; and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum Pec 1; Enterobacter cloacae AS10 Klebsiella aerogenes OFM28; Escherichia coli 2013C-3342; Proteus mirabilis UPMSD3; Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116; Lactobacillus plantarum NRIC 0383. This study emphasized the importance of molecular characterization in determining the genetic diversity and assessing the microbial quality of the African oil bean seed in ensuring food safety and public health.
Keywords: Bacteria, characterization, oil seeds, quality

Abstract: Herbal infusions medicinal benefits in wine and the impact of malolactic fermentation on wine quality is of high significance. The study aimed at improving the quality of watermelon wine with Clerodendrum volubile extract using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. S. cerevisiae and L. delbrueckii isolated from palm wine and yoghurt, respectively were used in this study. Fermentation must was prepared in various dilution ratios ranging from 95:5, 90:10 and 85:15 (watermelon to C. volubile). Static fermentation was carried out for 5 days with S. cerevisiae followed by malolactic fermentation with L. delbrueckii and then fermentation with S. cerevisiae for 23 days at room temperature. Physicochemical, phytochemical, mineral, and sensory properties were observed. Noticeable was pH decrease (5.21 - 3.33), increased titratable acidity (0.05-0.69 g/l), decreasing reducing sugar (0.59-0.011 mg/ml), temperature (30.5-24.2℃) and increasing total dissolved solids (19.748.9^oB). Wine fermented with S. cerevisiae (D) had the highest phenolic content (481.68±0.37 mg/100 g), while vitamin C increased (20.2±0.73 - 29.28±0.70) with increase in C. volubile concentration. The Na+ was most abundant (51.71 mg/100ml), while Ca2+ (5.23 mg/100ml) was improved. Watermelon wine (D and H) showed the least (1.38±0.5%) alcohol content while wine C and G recorded the highest. Organoleptic properties of wine E received the highest preference rating for flavour, colour and taste. Therefore, the nutritional and sensorial properties of Watermelon-C. volubile wine can be improved through sequential malolactic fermentation.
Keywords: Clerodendrum volubile, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, watermelon, wine

Abstract: Wheat flour, which is the major raw material used in baking bread, is being imported in Nigeria and other countries where cultivation of wheat is hampered by unfavourable climate. This has necessitated the rising cost of bread beyond the reach of the poor in Nigeria. This study was aimed at assessing the quality of bread produced from a blend of wheat and corn flour. Composite breads were produced from wheat flour (WF) and wheat flour: corn flour (WF: CF) blends; 100% WF, 80% WF: 20% CF and 60% WF: 40% CF. The following analysis including microbial, proximate, sensory attributes and shelf life were used to assess the quality of the bread. Data was analyzed using SPSS software. The fiber, fat and protein content of the blend; 80% wheat flour bread (WFB): 20% corn flour bread (CFB) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the other flour blends. 100% WFB recorded the highest ash and moisture content (p < 0.05) of 2.73±0.02% and 29.56±0.25% respectively. However, the carbohydrate content was highest (p < 0.05) in 60% WF: 40% CF blends. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the mean sensory scores of 100% WFB and 80% WFB: 20% CFB, with respect to taste and overall acceptability. The microbial counts were below the maximum permissible limits recommended by the Standard Organization of Nigeria, thus the bread is safe for human consumption. Bread could be produced from up to 20% CF substitution in WF without compromising the quality.
Keywords: Bread, corn flour, microbial counts, taste, wheat flour

Abstract: The identification of native rhizobia capable of inducing effective nodulation in legumes is a prerequisite for selection of strains for bioinoculation. The study aimed to characterize and evaluate the symbiotic efficiency of native rhizobia capable of effectively nodulating Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean). Greenhouse experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with five accessions of Bambara groundnut and five replications. The rhizobia strains were isolated from the root nodules and subjected to nodulation test on the host plants. The rhizobial isolates were characterized by morpho-cultural characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing technique. The symbiotic efficiency of the isolates on Bambara groundnut was also evaluated as data on dry shoot weights, nodule number, fresh and dry weights were collected. Of the thirty five rhizobial isolates obtained, only 15 (42.9%) successfully induced effective nodulation in Bambara groundnut plants and the 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified them as strains of Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Sinorhizobium and Rhizobium. The results of the symbiotic efficiency of rhizobia showed significant variations in the symbiotic capacities of the strains. The nodule number, fresh and dry weights ranged from 13.67±0.88 to 57.33±2.03 per plant, 0.10±0.01 to 0.33±0.03 g/plant and 8.33±0.67 to 40.00±1.73 mg/plant, respectively. The strains enhanced the dry shoot weights by 36.7% to 121.8% over non-inoculated control. The study therefore revealed the potential of native strains of rhizobia in nodulating Bambara groundnuts and these strains could be considered as potential inoculant strains for sustainable production of Bambara groundnut in Nigeria.
Keywords: Rhizobia, Vigna subterranean, nodulation, symbiotic efficiency, inoculant

Abstract: Street vended foods attract the populace because of their savory taste preferred by the indigenous public, and have contributed significantly to the maintenance of the food supply chain. Consumption of street food is significantly increasing due to a busy scheduled life. Donkunu and its complementary sauce is a Ghanaian delicacy that has been consumed in Nigeria over the years, but the safety status of the vended version is yet to be elucidated. This study assessed the microbiological safety of street-vended Donkunu, a Ghanaian delicacy, between February and March 2023. The researchers collected data from 149 questionnaires and 22 samples from five major markets. Enumeration of indicator organisms was done using standard microbiological procedures and identified using high throughput Illumina sequencing method. It was observed that the vendors had good food safety knowledge but poor practice and implementation. The majority of samples had a high microbial hazard according microbiological specifications for ready-to-eat foods of the United Kingdom Health Protection Agency. Similarly, metagenomics analysis reflected that there was a relative abundance of 63.4%, 18.17%, 0.045 and 8.43% of genus Weisella, Lactobacillus, Vibro and unclassified bacterial species in the Donkunu sauce. The presence of pathogens as well as the non-conformity of indicator organisms count to food safety standards reflected the poor food safety practices of the vendors and thus, suggests that the safety of street-vended Donkunu in Osogbo, Nigeria is relatively unsafe for consumption.
Keywords: Street vended food, donkunu, microbial safety, food safety knowledge, food safety practice.

Abstract: The study was undertaken to assess the risks of Salmonella infection present in faecal stained eggs, faecal materials and poultry feeds from live poultry markets and poultry feed shops in Makurdi Benue State, Nigeria. A total of 300 samples comprised of 100 faecal stained egg surface washes, 100 faecal materials and 100 poultry feed samples were collected. Enrichment, isolation and identification of Salmonella was done according to International Standard Method, ISO-6579 (2017): non-selective enrichment, selective enrichment and isolation using buffered peptone water (BPW), Selenite-F-broth and xylose lysine deoxycholate (XLD) agar respectively. Suspected colonies on XLD agar were confirmed morphologically by Gram's staining and indole production test for biochemical test. Out of 300 samples, a total of 83(27.67%) samples were found to be positive for Salmonella. Out of the positive samples 3.67% were egg surface washes, 24% faecal materials and 0% poultry feeds. The prevalence of Salmonella in egg washings, faecal materials and poultry feeds was 11%, 72% and 0% respectively. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference (P>0.05) on prevalence of the Salmonella among isolates from the sample sources and location. From the findings of the study, it is concluded that Salmonella isolates recovered in poultry origin-samples suggest this could be a potential vehicle for Salmonella-food borne infection to humans. Hence, there is need to create awareness among the public, poultry sellers, farmers and local food vendors in the study area regarding adaptation of hygienic practices, strengthening biosecurity and implementation of preventive measures
Keywords: Prevalence, Salmonella, poultry feeds, faecal, eggs

Abstract: The safety, efficacy and quality of herbal mixtures has become a concern to health authorities and health professionals, especially, with rise in microbial resistance to drugs and the demand herbal mixtures as alternative remedies. Thus, the need to isolate and identify microorganisms from some liquid herbal mixtures sold within Abuja, Nigeria. A total of ten samples of herbal mixture were selected at random, from herbal shops in Wuse market in sterile bottles and were analysed according to microbiological standard in Microbiology laboratory, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja. Samples were inoculated onto Nutrient agar, MacConkey agar and Potato Dextrose Agar, and incubated at 37^oC for 24 hrs. Potatoe dextrose agar slants were also inoculated for the isolation of fungi. Viable bacterial counts of the samples were also performed using nutrient agar, molecular identification of sample was also carried out using DNA sequencing and blasting. The organisms isolated were identified using biochemical tests, and the following organisms were identified Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus spp., E. coli, Fusarium spp., Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp. and Mucor fragilis. However, the National center for biotechnology database, showed that the nucleotide query sequence of the 16S RNA gene was 99.47% similar to Pseudomonas geniculate (Gram positive), uncultured bacterium and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (Gram negative). The herbal medicine were highly contaminated and most of the organisms, isolated could be as a result of unhygienic handling of raw materials used during the preparation of this herbal mixtures.
Keywords: 16S RNA, Agar, Gram positive, Gram negative, nucleotide query sequence

Abstract: Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) are usual sites of infection because of their direct contact with the physical environment and are always exposed to air borne microorganisms. Therefore, misuse of antimicrobial agents in the treatment of ENT bacterial infections can only be avoided by evaluating the culture and sensitivity pattern of pathogens towards specific drugs, since resistance against antibiotics is directly linked to clinical practice. Hence, this study is aimed at the identification and pattern of susceptibility/resistance of pathogens causing ENT infections. The study was a hospital based prospective cross-sectional study. Informed consent was obtained and One hundred and fifty (150) samples of either ear, nose or throat infectious material were collected. Each sample was transported in thioglycolate media to the microbiology laboratory for isolation, identification of bacteria and antibiotic susceptibility profile determination. Samples of the ear 88 (58.7%), nose 46 (30.6%) and throat 16 (10.7%) infections were collected from 150 participants. A total of 17 different bacterial species were identified from 192 bacteria isolated and 113 (58.9%) bacterial isolates were cultured. Staphylococcus species 62 (32.3%) especially Staphylococcus aureus (21.1%) and Proteus mirabilis 29 (15.1%) were the most prevalent Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria respectively. The isolates were more susceptible to vancomycin, meropenem, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, and most resistant to tetracycline, cotrimoxazole, cefuroxime, augmentin and ceftazidime. Meropenem, vancomycin and ofloxacin are the most active antibiotics for effective treatment of Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus spp. who has been identified as the most common bacteria cultured from ENT infectious samples in our region.
Keywords: Ear, Nose, and Throat; Bacterial infection; Antibiotic susceptibility; Empirical Antibiotics.

Abstract: While there are over 80 members of the Flaviviridae Family, some of which represent a global threat, Dengue, and West Nile viruses represent two of the major human pathogens that produce life threatening conditions and complications. These mosquito-borne viral infections have not so much been studied in rural and sub-urban areas of the sub-Saharan regions where the vectors thrive. This study seeks to know the burden of dengue and West Nile infections, and likely co-infection in Ile-Ife and its environs. Two hundred and fifty-five (255) participants from the Primary Healthcare facilities in Ile-Ife township and the surrounding Local Government Areas were involved in the study. Some subjects residing outside Ile-Ife who visited the facilities were also included. Venous blood samples collected from 255 participants were screened for Dengue and West Nile IgM antibodies using corresponding ELISA kits from Dia-Pro, Italy. Out of the 255 screened, positive for dengue IgM only were 74 (29.0%), positive only for West Nile IgM 125 (49.0%) and 46 (18.0%) were positive for both dengue and West Nile IgM. Ife Central Local Government Area has the highest prevalence (38.5%) of dengue while Ife Area Office (Modakeke) has the highest West Nile infection, 69.6%. More females, 36 (14.1%), out of 46 (18%) were co-infected with WNV and Dengue. Mostly affected were women, middle-aged individuals of ages 19 – 27 years, and traders. The environment, occupation, academic level, and availability of modern healthcare facilities for these sub-urban areas must be improved upon if these tropical arboviral diseases would be controlled.
Keywords: Co-infection, Dengue, ELISA, IgM, West-Nile

Abstract: Prevalence of impaired renal function among prostate enlarged adult attending General Hospitals in Benue State, Nigeria was carried out. Three hundred and sixty eight (368) samples of blood was collected from the 23 General Hospitals located in the Local Government Headquarters in Benue State, Nigeria. The plasma were used for the quantitative determination of prostate specific antigen (PSA), creatinine was quantitatively determined using MN CHIP 4 fully automated dry chemistry analyzer and Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using glomerular Filtration rate calculator software. The age of the patients were obtained from the case folders. The overall impaired renal function rate was 31.8 %. Patients within the ages 90-99 years had the highest impaired renal function (eGFR) of 80.0% and the least been those within the ages 40- 49 years with impaired renal function of (10.0%) The prevalence of impaired renal function with age groups was statistically significant (ꭓ² = 51.50, p < 0.05). Those patients with prostate specific antigen (PSA) level of > 100 ng/mL had the highest rate of renal impairment of (67.6%) and the least been those with prostate specific antigen (PSA) of 0-19 ng/ml that had impaired renal function rate of 15.9%. Prevalence of impaired renal function with prostate specific antigen (PSA) was statistically significant (ꭓ² = 31.04, p < 0.05).
Keywords: Prostate specific antigen (PSA), impaired renal function (eGFR), creatinine, MN CHIP 4.

Abstract: Antimicrobial resistant bacterial strains have become a global public health challenge affecting both humans and domestic livestock such as cattle, pork and poultry. This research work focused on the characterization of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli isolates from swine at Ohaukwu Local Government Area in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. A total of 400 (200 each of rectal and nasal swabs) samples were randomly collected from four swine farms and analyzed for the presence of ESBL producing E. coli. Phenotypic detection of ESBL-producing E. coli was done using double disk synergy test (DDST). Antibiotics susceptibility testing of ESBL-producing E. coli was determined against different classes of antibiotics using Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method and multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) was determined. Plasmid profiling of ESBL-producing bacterial isolates was also determined. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0 version software package. Out of 400 swine samples collected, sow/piglets have 164(41.0%), the weaners 140(35.0%) while the finishers were 96 representing 24%. Furthermore, it revealed that out of the 400 samples studied, 157 (39.3%) were E. coli positive, rectal had 85 (42.5%) and nasal had 72 (36.0%). Exactly 19 (12.1%) were ESBL-producing E. coli out of the 157 isolates analyzed, 13 (15.3%); 6 (8.3%) were from rectal and nasal swabs respectively. The ESBL producing E. coli from swine samples showed varying range of resistance to the antibiotic tested. The ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from rectal swab showed high resistant profile to amoxicillin/culvanic acid, (76.9%); cefepime, (92.3%); ceftaxidime, (84.6%); nalidixic acid, (92.3%); and piperacillin/trazobactam and cefoxitin, (100.0%). The ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from nasal swabs were (100.0%) resistance to amoxicillin/culvanic acid, cefepime, cefoxitin, colistin, nalidixic acid and were (100.0%) susceptible to meropenem. The MARI index of the isolates ranged from 0.33 to 0.83 with average index of 0.66. Plasmid profiling of ESBL-producing isolates revealed presence of plasmids with the molecular weights of 850 bp to 10 kb. In conclusion, ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from swine was at high prevalence with presences of plasmid. Thus, threat to public health that calls for a strict measure in the choice of antibiotics used in swine productions.
Keywords: Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase, Escherichia coli, Plasmid, Swine

Abstract: Nearly 150 Candida species have been described and are part of the microbiome on human skin, mucous membranes, the female genital tract, and the gastrointestinal tract, but only 10% of them are known to cause human diseases (candidiasis). The typical human commensal flora contains a number of species of Candida. Recently identified is Candida auris, a multidrug-resistant yeast has emerged as a prominent fungal pathogen due to its capacity to spread epidemics and invasive infections in healthcare settings. Candida auris infections have proven challenging to manage and treat. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of Candida auris on the skin surface of long-term inpatients in Afe Babalola University (ABUAD) Multisystem Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. The method includes the collection of skin swabs using the single swab axilla and groin composite collection method and culturing on the appropriate media for identification of the species. Antibiotic sensitivity test using the standard well diffusion method was also carried out. A total of 100 samples were collected and 85 isolates were obtained. The isolates obtained from inpatients (n=85), 52.9% (n=45) were Candida albicans, 4.7 % (n=4) Candida glabrata, 23.5% (n=20) Aspergillus species, 18.8% (n=20) unidentified Candida species and their susceptibility patterns were determined. About 18.75% (n=3) of the unidentified Candida species which showed resistance to all 3 classes of antimycotic agents used were suspected to be C. auris. In conclusion, a high percentage of patients showed significant growth of opportunistic fungi which may be harmful to immunocompromised patients. The information in this study can aid in enlightening patients about nosocomial infections.
Keywords: Antifungal, Candida auris, Cutaneous surfaces, Drug resistance, Long term hospitalization

Abstract: This study was undertaken to determine the antibiotic resistance and plasmid profile of Escherichia coli isolated from pregnant women in Umuahia. A total of 250 midstream urine samples from pregnant women were analyzed and cultured on cystein lactose electrolyte deficient (CLED) agar and MacConkey agar. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Plasmid profiling was also carried out on highly resistant isolates. E. coli isolated from the pregnant women showed 100% resistance to amoxicillin and tetracycline. Thirty, 30 (50.8%) of the E. coli isolates showed potential to produce biofilm. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production among E. coli isolates was found to be 12 (20.3%) while 2 (3.4%) isolates produced chromosomal ambler C (AmpC). Imipenem and gentamicin should be the antibiotic of choice for treating UTI in the study area because they showed very high sensitivity to the antibiotics used. Screening of pregnant women for possible UTI at early stage of pregnancy should be considered an essential care in the study environment to avoid complications in pregnancy.
Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, E. coli, plasmid, pregnant women

Abstract: Since centuries ago till date, medicinal plants remain relevant for curing many human infections and diseases due to the many enriched therapeutic and bioactive compounds present in plants. The age long tradition of drug discovery has always been aided by natural products from plants; which provide the basic elements for drug discovery. This research aims at evaluating the prophylactic effects of the combined extracts of P. amarus and D. scandens and the bioautography of both plants. Methanolic, n hexane and ethyl-acetate extracts of the plants were obtained using soxhlet extractor, and the bioactive fractions of both plants were determined using thin layer chromatography. The prophylactic effects of the combined extracts were evaluated on Swiss albino rats infected with antibiotic-resistant coagulase negative Staphylococcus strains. The n-hexane yielded more bioactive compounds in D. scandens by producing six (6) active bands with retention factor values of 0.07, 0.12, 0.62, 0.68, 0.72 and 0.78, while the cold ethyl acetate extract yielded more bioactive compounds in P. amarus by producing eight (8) active bands with retention factor (Rf) values of 0.096, 0.137, 0.178, 0.260, 0.603, 0.644, 0.767, and 0.838. The experimental mice pre-treated with the combined plant extract showed no sign or symptoms of infection while the uninfected control showed varied signs of infection such as weakness, inflammation, redness of skin and eyes, etc. An elevation of activity or aggression level was also observed only on the pre-treated mice. The least effective dose of 25 mg/kg showed that the prophylactic effects of the combined extracts was more potent than when either plant was used separately. Phyllanthus amarus and D. scandens possess bioactive compounds which have excellent antibacterial potentials, and the antibacterial efficacy of either plant can be boosted and improved by combining both plants.
Keywords: Medicinal plants, bioautography, prophylaxis, combined extracts, antibacterial